SARS-CoV-2 is viable in aerosols for in least 3 h [26]

SARS-CoV-2 is viable in aerosols for in least 3 h [26]. rates have decreased. However, society is still at risk from the growing number of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as KP.2, KP.3, and LB.1 [1]. Furthermore, a considerable number of individuals are now experiencing prolonged COVID-19 symptoms even after they have recovered from the acute phase of the disease. As a result, COVID-19 remains a public health problem. Despite the early development of detection and diagnostic assessments, treatments, and vaccines for this pandemic, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants may make these technologies less efficient. This paper provides an up-to-date overview of the progression of COVID-19, along with the development of diagnostic methods, detection methods, and treatment strategies. Continuous updates around the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 are ubiquitous for keeping the current endemic situation under control. 2. Epidemiology 2.1. Coronavirus Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is usually caused by the infection of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA computer virus [2]. Coronavirus is usually split into four genres: Alpha (), Beta (), Gamma (), and Delta (). The Alpha and Beta subtypes are clinically relevant, as they can cause infectious diseases in humans, while the Gamma and Delta subtypes mainly cause infections in birds [3]. The Alpha and Beta subtypes originated from bats, while the Gamma and Delta subtypes originated from birds [4]. The first human coronavirus was recorded alpha-Amanitin back in the mid-1960s. To date, there are a total of seven types of coronaviruses that can infect humans. Common human coronaviruses include 229E and NL63, which belong to Alpha coronavirus, and the OC43 and HKU1, which are found under Beta coronavirus [5,6,7]. They are viruses that can cause mild upper respiratory tract infections [8]. Meanwhile, there are other types of human coronavirus that can cause severe respiratory tract infections. They are MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, which are all Beta coronaviruses [9,10]. 2.2. Origin of COVID-19 The first COVID-19 outbreak dates back to December 2019, when a cluster of unexplainable cases of pneumonia were reported in the hospitals alpha-Amanitin in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The first reported case was from the Huanan Wet Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, alpha-Amanitin and it then started spreading all over the world. Initially, viral pneumonia was suspected to be the cause [11]. It was later identified to be caused by a novel coronavirus and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [12]. alpha-Amanitin SARS-CoV-2 was named after SARS-CoV due to close genetics and evolutionary histories [13], and SARS-CoV is the cause of the SARS outbreak that happened in China during 2002C2003 [14]. COVID-19 was first thought to be a zoonotic disease, as the first outbreak of SARS-CoV was spread from animals to humans [15]. Scientists thought SARS-CoVs transmission source was similar to that of SARS-CoV-2. Most of the COVID-19 patients in early 2020 had visited the fish and wild animal market, which sold live animals such as snakes and bats [16]. Therefore, direct contact and consumption of wild animals were suspected to be the transmission route [17]. As a result, the Chinese governments first response was to shut down animal wet markets noted for their poor hygiene [18]. However, the infection kept spreading rapidly worldwide. Later, the World Health Business (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global health emergency and treated it as a pandemic in March 2020. What is the impact of COVID-19 on global health? Figure 1 shows the top 10 countries with ABR the most reported COVID-19 cases to the WHO as of 13 April 2024 [19]. As shown in the physique, the three most populous countries in the world.