in 2020 and 20211

in 2020 and 20211. of participants received the BNT162b2 vaccine and 48% received the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Lower anti-S1 antibody levels are associated with age of 65 years or older, male sex, higher body mass index, smoking, diabetes, COPD and receipt of BNT16b2 vaccine (vs mRNA-1273). Participants with a prior contamination, particularly those with a history of hospitalized illness, have higher anti-S1 antibody levels. These results suggest that adults with certain socio-demographic and clinical characteristics may have less strong antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination and could be prioritized Pralatrexate for more frequent re-vaccination. Subject terms: Risk factors, Epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, Antibodies The antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines varies among individuals. Here the authors find that Rabbit Polyclonal to SERPINB9 older age, male sex, smoking, higher BMI, vaccine type, and certain comorbidities are associated with lower anti-S1 antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccinations, indicating that Pralatrexate certain groups might benefit from higher frequency or doses of vaccination. Introduction COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020 and 20211. COVID-19 vaccination is an important public health intervention to prevent contamination and attenuate illness severity2,3. The primary mechanism of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), is the production of antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-24. Some studies have shown differential antibody responses to vaccination and waning antibody levels over time5C7. Variance in vaccine-induced antibody response may be clinically significant since lower humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are predictive of higher risk for breakthrough infections and severe COVID-19 clinical outcomes6,8C10. Hence, identification of individuals at risk of lower vaccine-induced antibody response and faster antibody waning could inform personalized Pralatrexate vaccination strategies. Most prior studies on vaccine immunogenicity leveraged clinical trials or highly selected cohorts (e.g., health-care workers and residents of long-term care facilities)6,11C13. A general-population study conducted in the United Kingdom (UK), where the majority of individuals received the AstraZeneca vaccine, observed lower rates of post-vaccination seropositivity in older adults, males, and those with chronic health conditions5,14,15. However, the determinants of post-vaccination antibody response, including magnitude and durability of antibody levels, have not been comprehensively investigated in multi-ethnic, diverse, population-based U.S. samples where mRNA vaccines predominate. This study aimed to identify correlates of anti-S1 IgG antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA vaccines in the Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R)16. C4R is usually a national prospective study of U.S. adults participating in 14 longitudinal cohort studies that collectively constitute a large, well-characterized, population-based sample. Anti-S1 IgG antibody levels were measured by serosurvey and examined with respect to pre-pandemic and pandemic-era socio-demographic and clinical factors. Correlates of antibody levels over the period of time since vaccination were elucidated. Results Participant characteristics There were 6245 participants who received two doses of a mRNA COVID-19 vaccine with measured anti-S1 IgG antibody levels (Table?1, Supplementary Fig.?1). The mean time between the first vaccine dose and serosurvey was 4.0 months (SD 1.7; range 0.1C7.1). Mean age was 73 years (range, 21C100), 76.9% of participants were aged 65 years, 58.3% were female, 76.4% self-identified as non-Hispanic White, 17.6% as African American/Black, 3.1% as Asian, 2.0% as American Indian, and 0.9% as Hispanic/Latino. 51.8% of participants received the BNT162b2.