Conclusion Our study suggested that the third homologous boosting vaccination enhanced subjects’ immunity response against SARS-CoV-2, and low vitamin D levels were associated with significantly higher antibody titers for the anti-wild-type computer virus and higher antibody seropositivity for the anti-omicron variant after the third inactive anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with adequate levels of vitamin D, better immune status, and stronger immune response; further studies comprising large cohorts of individuals with different nutritional status are warranted to verify our results

Conclusion Our study suggested that the third homologous boosting vaccination enhanced subjects’ immunity response against SARS-CoV-2, and low vitamin D levels were associated with significantly higher antibody titers for the anti-wild-type computer virus and higher antibody seropositivity for the anti-omicron variant after the third inactive anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with adequate levels of vitamin D, better immune status, and stronger immune response; further studies comprising large cohorts of individuals with different nutritional status are warranted to verify our results. Data availability statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. Ethics statement The studies involving human being participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhuhai People’s Hospital. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy was used to determine the concentrations of plasma vitamins A, D, and E. Results We found that the anti-wide-type computer virus and anti-omicron variant antibody levels significantly increased compared with baseline antibody levels (P < 0.001) after the third vaccination. 25(OH)D3 was significantly negatively associated with the baseline anti-wide-type computer virus antibody concentrations [beta (95% CI) = ?0.331 (?0.659 ~ ?0.003)] after adjusting for covariates. A potentially related association was also observed on day time 98 after the third vaccination [beta (95% CI) = ?0.317 (?0.641 ~ 0.007)]. After modifying for covariates, we also found that 25(OH)D3 was significantly negatively associated with the seropositivity of the anti-omicron variant antibody at day time 98 after the third vaccination [OR (95% CI) = 0.940 (0.883 ~ 0.996)]. The association between plasma 25(OH)D3 with anti-wild-type computer virus antibody levels and seropositivity of anti-omicron variant antibodies were prolonged in subgroup analyses. We observed no association between retinol/-tocopherol and anti-wide-type computer virus antibody levels or anti-omicron variant antibody seropositive in our study. Summary The third inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly improved the ability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 illness in the body. Higher RETF-4NA vitamin D concentrations could significantly decrease the anti-wide-type virus-neutralizing antibody titers and anti-omicron variant antibody seropositive rate after the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with adequate levels of vitamin D, better immune status, and stronger immune response; further studies comprising large cohorts of individuals with different nutritional status are warranted to verify our results. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, vaccine, neutralizing antibody, fat-soluble vitamins, cohort study 1. Intro Vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is undoubtedly an effective means of mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Different people obtain varying levels of safety from vaccines; consequently, the recognition of sensitivity factors that impact vaccine safety is essential. The current research has focused on Rabbit Polyclonal to NFIL3 the association of unhealthy life styles and disease status with the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (1, 2). However, studies within the association between nutritional status and the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are relatively scarce and have yielded inconsistent results. The optimal status of specific micronutrients is vital for maintaining immune components within normal activity and improving sponsor defenses against infections. The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E are essential for the proper functioning of the immune system (3) and perform key functions at every stage of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent studies suggest that vitamin A may positively or negatively impact vaccine antibody response. Previous animal experiments have revealed that an adequate level of vitamin A is necessary to mount an efficient antibody response to many antigens (4); however, it has also been found that vitamin A-deficient animals can produce a strong antibody response to some antigens (4, 5). Furthermore, some studies possess reported that vitamin A supplementation can stimulate an antibody response to vaccination, actually in animals with normal vitamin A levels RETF-4NA (6, 7). RETF-4NA A human being medical trial also showed that vitamin A supplementation could improve immune reactions to influenza computer virus vaccines in vitamin A-insufficient children in the baseline (8). The effect of vitamin D within the antibody response to different vaccines is definitely inconsistent. Vitamin D enhances the vaccine antibody response to tetanus and hepatitis B (9, 10); however, it is negatively correlated with the antibody response to the human being papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (11). Some studies have suggested that vitamin D does not influence the antibody response to the influenza vaccine (12C14). Similarly, animal studies possess observed that vitamin E supplementation increases the antibody response in poultry (15, 16). However, randomized clinical tests have exposed that vitamin E supplementation has no effect on the antibody response to tetanus toxoid and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in humans (17, 18), and a populace study also showed no association between serum vitamin E levels and influenza vaccine response (19). The nutritional status of vitamins offers different effects on antibody reactions to different antigens or vaccines. However, it is unfamiliar whether vitamins A, D, and E impact the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. An ecological study demonstrated the intake levels of relevant micronutrients, especially vitamin D, were inversely associated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality (20). Moreover, a nutrigenetic study has shown that micronutrients, including vitamins A and.